Wafer level integrated circuit probe array and method of construction

ABSTRACT

A testing device for wafer level testing of IC circuits is disclosed. An upper and lower pin (22, 62) are configured to slide relatively to each other and are held in electrically biased contact by an elastomer (80). To prevent rotation of the pins in the pin guide, a walled recess in the bottom of the pin guide engages flanges on the pins. In another embodiment, the pin guide maintains rotational alignment by being fitted around the pin profile or having projections abutting the pin. The pin guide (12) is maintained in alignment with the retainer 14 by establishing a registration corner (506) and driving the guide into the corner by elastomers in at least one diagonally opposite corner.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This applications incorporates by reference in its entirety, the following applications: US-2010/0231251-A1 (U.S. Ser. No. 12/721,039) filed 10 Mar. 2010; U.S. Ser. No. 13/343,328 filed 4 Jan. 2012 as a CIP of Ser. No. 13/226,606 which claims priority to provisional 61/380,494 filed 7 Sep. 2010 and 61/383,411 filed 16 Sep. 2010 and US-2012/0092034-A1 (U.S. Ser. No. 13/276,893) filed 19 Oct. 2011 which itself is a CIP of Ser. No. 12/764,603 filed 21 Apr. 2010 which claims 61/171,141 filed 21 Apr. 2009, 61/257,236 filed 2 Nov. 2009 and 61/307,501 filed 24 Feb. 2010, U.S. Ser. No. 13/921,484 filed 19 Jun. 2013 and U.S. Ser. No. 61/950,404 filed 10 Mar. 2014.

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure

The present invention concerns integrated circuit fabrication and testing. More particularly, the present invention concerns a methodology and structure for testing multiple integrated circuit dies residing on a semiconductor wafer substrate.

Description of the Related Art

Conventional integrated circuit fabrication techniques normally involve the formation of several individual integrated circuit devices on a single semiconductor substrate, termed a wafer. After fabrication is completed the wafer is normally cut or scribed to separate the individual integrated circuit devices into individual devices, commonly called singulated devices or die, or into rows of devices, commonly called strips. Usually the individual singulated integrated circuit devices, “chips”, called dies or dice, are spaced apart from one another on the wafer to accommodate the cutting tool used to segment the wafer. The wafer thus has the appearance of a series of integrated circuit dies (dice) separated by intersecting lines that accommodate the cutting operation. These lines are commonly referred to as scribing lines, streets or lanes. Such dice can be placed into IC packaging and wires connected from the die to leads within the IC package. Testing can then be done on the package leads or contacts, which are relatively speaking much larger than the contact on the IC dies. The technology used for testing IC leaded packages therefore is not particularly analogous to wafer level testing and we have found principles from IC packed lead testing will not work without substantial modification and inventive input.

In many instances it is deemed advantageous to test the electrical functionality of the individual integrated circuit dies either at the wafer level or at the strip level. That is, before the wafer is segmented and the individual integrated circuit dies are separated from one another. Typically this testing is performed by placing a series of test probes in contact with electrical input and output (I/O) pads, or bonding pads or bumps or balls that are formed on an exposed surface of each integrated circuit die. These I/O pads are usually connected to elements of a leadframe if the integrated circuit die is subsequently packaged. An example of such a tester is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,174 to Corrigan.

Semiconductor integrated circuit devices (“die”) can also be tested while they are still present on the semiconductor wafer on which they were formed. Such wafer level testing is traditionally accomplished on a per-die basis, in which probe tips are brought into contact with bond pads or balls for a given die using precision wafer handling system commonly called a wafer prober. For each application a specifically designed spatial configuration of probes are matched to the spatial array of bonding pads or balls in what is commonly called a probe array. In the wafer prober, either a single die or a plurality of die may be stimulated and tested through the probe tips via a tester. In the case where a single die is tested for each wafer prober index step, the probe array is commonly called single site. In the case where 2 or more die are tested for each wafer prober index step, the probe array is commonly called multi-site. After single or multisite die are tested, the wafer prober system indexes to the next die or set of die which are similarly tested, etc. The probe array are commonly fastened onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) element to enable routing of signal lines to connect with Test system; said assembly of probe array and PCB are commonly called a probe card.

However, wafer prober and large probe array systems also exist which are capable of testing an entire semiconductor wafer, either all dies (i.e. chips) on the wafer simultaneously or a significant fraction of the dies on the wafer simultaneously. Typically such large probe array systems are of limited testing capability for process step called “wafer sort” so simply identify which dies on the wafer can make electrical contact and which dies don't exhibit electrical contact or for burn in.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The following summary is intended to assist the reader in understanding the full disclosure and the claims. The claims define the scope of the invention, not this summary.

Disclosed is a test contact pin assembly or probe array for temporary contact with a test pads on a wafer level integrated circuit device wherein the test pads includes metallic film, electroplated bump, post structure or solder ball material affixed to make electrical connection with test die on the wafers. The disclosed test contact pin assembly incorporates at least one upper terminal pin or probe, further having a longitudinal extension, at least one lateral flange or some other contact surface, and a contact surface for electrically contacting lower terminal pin or probe. The disclosed test contact pin assembly further incorporates at least one lower terminal pin having a contact surface for electrically contacting upper terminal pin, and a foot, said pins being held intact by bias forces which maintain the contacts surfaces together but in a slideable relationship to each other. There may also be an elastomeric material of predetermined height when in an uncompressed state, said material surrounding the pins to create said bias force and maintain the surface in slideable electrical contact. There may also be a rigid top surface located atop said elastomeric material, said up-stop surface including at least one aperture to receive a portion of said longitudinal extension. Said up-stop surface may also include and at least one channel, having an up-stop wall and a recess to receive and contact at least one flange or other contact surface on the pin, said channel being sized to be large enough to receive said flanges with minimum frictional contact the sidewalls; so that said up-stop surface provides an upward stop limit for the upper pin by virtue of its contact with the flanges. The channels in this configuration, providing a keying function to prevent contact rotations, may be a depression, recess or upstanding walls which have a similar confining effect. Alternatively, said channels being sized to be receive said flanges may be incorporated into an additional element in the construction placed immediately adjacent the up-stop surface.

The up-stop surface is fixed in position at a predetermined distance above said foot or other bottom boundary layer, said distance being less than the height of the uncompressed elastomeric material plus the height of at least one of the flanges, so that the elastomeric material is in a precompressed condition before the upper pin comes in contact with the IC pad. The predetermined location for the up-stop surface provides a precision datum when used in conjunction with the lateral flange element of the upper terminal pin. This pre-compressed condition provides a loading force for the upper terminal pin against the precision up-stop surface. Furthermore, the pre-compressed condition also provides a more uniform bias force against the pins as they contact the IC pads. Without precompression, the initial travel of the pins would have a lower responsive force than if the elastomer was not in pre-compressed condition.

Also disclosed is a contact/probe/pin array assembly for making temporary contact of test pad on a wafer level integrated circuit device having an upper probe pin, configured to move downwardly along a Z-axis when in contact with said pads or balls, the pin having longitudinal upper portion, having a top and a bottom end a pair of laterally extending flanges (or other stop engagement members), having a predetermined width and an upper edge, said flanges extending from said bottom end of said upper portion. There may also be a lower portion extending beyond said flanges, a lower pin in slideable contact with the upper pin at said lower portion and an up-stop plate being rigid plate.

The material for the up-stop plate is preferably of a substantially insulating and non-hydroscopic material. Furthermore, for testing over temperature ranges common for wafer probing, the material for up-stop plate is preferably with a linear coefficient of expansion that is as close as possible to that of the silicon wafer. The up stop plate may have a bottom (or other contact) surface including a plurality of spaced part, recesses sized to just receive said flanges with minimal frictional contact, and to confine said flanges in a predetermined orientation, at least one upper edge of said flanges contacting said bottom surface of the said plate to define an upper travel limit for said pin; so that the pins are confined against rotational movement and have an upper travel limit defined by said plate thereby keeping said pins aligned in all axes while permitting movement along the Z-axis. Alternatively the up-stop plate may have a flat bottom surface against which is provided an additional element with plurality of recesses sized to receive said flanges. In either case, the recesses or channels are preferably designed with sufficient depth such that required z-axis movement never pushes said flanges out of the channel. Also disclosed is a method of providing a plurality of coplanar or non coplanar, or multiple plane contact pin tips to test pads on a wafer level integrated circuit, having all for some of the steps, in any order, of forming a top plate, hereafter referred to as pin guide or probe guide (the term pin and probe being used interchangeably), with apertures for said pins, so that said crowns protrude from said apertures; forming a stop element on each pin; forming an up-stop portion on the underside of said top plate; configuring each pin to engage between the stop element and up-stop to limit upward Z-axis travel of the pin forming a channel in the underside of the top plate, said channel being sized to receive a portion of the pin so that rotation of the pin in the channel is restricted so that the Z-axis upper travel limit of the pins are limited by the up-stop contact. The pin travel is limited so that said flange never fully exits the channel

The pin guide plate may be fabricated by either machining or molding processes and may be preferably composed of a ceramic material or glass filled composite.

As disclosed this is a method of providing an uniform resilient upward bias force on a plurality of probe/pin against test pads on a wafer level having all or some of the steps, in any order, of, inserting an upper pin having an electrical contact surface, preferably in the form of a wedge, into an elastomer block, inserting a bottom pin having an electrical contact surface in contact with the electrical surface of the upper pin within said elastomeric block, and pre-compressing said block a predetermined amount by confining the block between upper and lower plates, which could include the PCB mounting surface. The pre-compression can be accomplished in various ways but the primary effect is to get an uniform z-axis resilience in response to pin contact with the IC pads. Without pre-compression, the resilient force is highly non uniform due to the ‘slack’ in the elastomer in its initial compression. Resilient biasing forces are the product of elastomeric material and patterning such that variations of required force may be optimized for particular customer requirements.

Also disclosed are methods of precisely aligning the pin guide plate to the retainer plate which mounts probe array to printed circuit board (P CB) when used with integrated circuit testing apparatus. Said retainer plate includes alignment pins to provide accurate registration to the PCB during test. One such method of precisely aligning a pin guide plate requires corners within a retainer plate having like corners and sized to receive said pin guide plate, for use an integrated circuit testing apparatus, comprising any or all of the following steps in any order:

-   -   a. accurately locating a registration corner and adjacent         sidewalls of said retainer plate and said pin guide plate,     -   b. loosely inserting said pin guide into said retainer,     -   c. Inserting bias elements in the sidewalls of at least a         diagonally adjacent corner to said one corner and biasing said         pin guide into and said registration corner,         so that the pin guide is aligned into said registration corner.

The method can also include inserting bias elements in to at least two corners.

The method can also include inserting bias element into all corners aside from the registration corner.

The method can also include cutting away or forming the registration corner or the corner on the pin guide (or both) so that the corners themselves do not touch or meet but that their sidewalls extending away from the corners will precisely engage. This avoids the problem that the corners are slightly mismatched and prevent proper engagement of the sidewalls for alignment since it is easier to machine accurate sidewalls than corners.

The disclosure also includes an alignment system for precision alignment of test pins in an integrated circuit tester comprising any or all of the following elements:

-   -   a. pin guide plate, having at least two corners, one of said         corners being the registration corner and the other being the         driven corner, said corners having sidewall extending therefrom;     -   b. a retainer plate for receiving said guide plate, said         retainer having a aperture generally sized to receive said guide         plate and likewise having at least two corners; said retainer         including sidewalls extending away from said corners, one of         said corners being a registration corner and defining, together         with the guide plate, the precision location for the test pins;         the other of said corners being the driving corner;     -   c. said sidewalls of said driving corner including recesses         therein;     -   d. said sidewalls of said driven corner of said guide plate         including recesses;     -   e. elastomeric material fitted in said driving and driven         recesses for biasing the pin guide plate from the driven corner         into the registration corner of said retainer plate,         so that the guild plate is precision registered with the         retainer by virtue of the mating of registration corners under         bias force.

The alignment system may also include the radius of said driven corner being enlarged so that when said pin guide corner is inserted therein, contact is substantially made between sidewalls.

The alignment system may also include the radius of said driving corner being decreased so that when said pin guide corner is inserted therein, contact is substantially made between sidewalls.

The alignment system may also include the use of cylindrical elastomers as bias elements.

Another method disclosed to precisely aligning a pin guide plate within a retainer plate requires alignment pins.

Another method disclosed to precisely align the pin guide plate within the retainer plate requires the steps of pre-registration and gluing the elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a subset of components of a wafer prober system and a wafer.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a probe array as affixed to a probe card Printed Circuit Board (PCB) said assembly also commonly referred to as probe card.

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a probe array.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of the probe array in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a side perspective view of the prober array in FIG. 3 with portions broken away.

FIG. 6 is a side plan schematic view of a pair of probes in an uncompressed state.

FIG. 7 is a view like FIG. 6 with the probes in a compressed state.

FIG. 8 is a side plan schematic view like FIG. 6 but with a contact ball illustrated and additional layers shown.

FIG. 9 is a view like FIG. 8 except with the pin shown in a compressed state.

FIG. 10 is an isometric view of the top portion of the array shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of the bottom side of the portion of the array shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a view like FIG. 11 with pins removed.

FIG. 13 is a view like FIG. 10 with the pins removed.

FIG. 14 is a side view of the array of FIG. 3 with portions broken away.

FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the elastomer layer.

FIG. 16 is a side view of the elastomer layer.

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of a top ceramic plate.

FIG. 18 is a bottom plan view of the plate in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a bottom plan view like FIG. 18 except shown retention posts.

FIG. 20 is bottom isometric view of the pin guide plate with retention posts as seen from the bottom.

FIG. 21 is a view like FIG. 20 with the perspective rotated 180 degrees.

FIG. 22 is a view like FIG. 20 of the bottom of the pin guide but with a Kapton® cartridge inserted over retention posts.

FIG. 23 is a view like FIG. 22 but rotated to a different perspective.

FIGS. 24 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with double edge crown and recess in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIGS. 25 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with a 4 point crown with lateral recess in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIGS. 26 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with a 4 point crown with central recess in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIGS. 27 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with a wedge crown in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIGS. 28 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with a chisel crown in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIGS. 29 a-f are views of an individual upper pin with a double chisel crown in the following views: a: top plan, b: side plan, c: front plan, d: other side plan, e: side perspective, f: bottom plan.

FIG. 30 is perspective view of probe tips/crowns overlayed with an example Kelvin contact system.

FIG. 31 is a top plan view of the probe tips overlayed with an example Kelvin contact system.

FIG. 32 is a close of up of one Kelvin contact system in FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a pin array.

FIG. 34a and FIG. 34b are side plan views like FIGS. 5 and 6 showing a ball contact of a DUT in initial engagement (34 a) and final engagement (34 b) with the pin fully downwardly depressed.

FIG. 35. is a perspective view like FIG. 33 but of an alternate embodiment with long pins.

FIG. 36a and FIG. 36b are side plan views of the alternate embodiment in FIG. 35 with long pins, showing a ball contact of a DUT in initial engagement (36 a) and final engagement (36 b) with the pin fully downwardly depressed.

FIG. 37 is a top plan view of a probe card plate, guide plate/pin guide and pin arrays.

FIG. 38 is a top perspective view of the guide plate/pin guide and arrays of FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is a top perspective view of the probe card plate/retainer of FIG. 37

FIG. 40 is an exploded bottom perspective of the combination of FIGS. 38 and 39.

FIG. 41 is a close up partial perspective top view of a portion of a corner of the retainer.

FIG. 42 is a close up partial perspective top view of a portion of one array showing the elastomer insert.

FIG. 43 is a close up partial perspective top view of a portion of a corner of the probe card plate/retainer showing an elastomer.

FIG. 44 is a cross sectional view of a pin guide, elastomer and retainer taken along an edge near a corner.

FIG. 45 is an exploded view of a probe card/retainer, guide plate/retainer and pin arrays.

FIG. 46 is an exploded view of a pin array.

FIG. 47 is a top plan view of the pin array in FIG. 46.

FIG. 48 is a close up bottom plan view of the pin guide in FIG. 46.

FIG. 49 is a cross section taken along lines 48 a-48 a.

FIG. 50 is a perspective view of the pin array in FIG. 45.

FIG. 51 is a perspective view of a pin guide in FIG. 45.

FIG. 52 is a top perspective view of a single pin and elastomeric bias element.

FIG. 53 is a bottom perspective view of FIG. 52.

FIG. 54a-d are views of a guide plate in FIG. 45. FIG. 54d is a close of the circled area in FIG. 54 a.

FIG. 55 is a top up view of a staged guide plate.

FIG. 56 is a close up view of the plate in FIG. 55 on circle A.

FIG. 57 is a side plan view of a portion of the retainer and pin array of FIG. 45.

FIG. 58 is a side plan view of a single pin pair of FIG. 57.

FIG. 59 is an alternative embodiment of the retainer and pin array of FIG. 57.

FIG. 60 is a further embodiment of the retainer and pin array with a counter bore alignment feature.

FIG. 61 is a further embodiment of the retainer and pin array with a keyway alignment feature.

FIG. 62 is a further embodiment of the retainer and pin array with an alternate keyway alignment feature.

FIG. 63 is a further embodiment of the retainer and pin array with a square keyhole alignment feature.

FIG. 63a is top plan view of a square keyhole.

FIG. 64 is a further embodiment of the retainer and pin array with a cross cut alignment feature.

FIGS. 64a-d show top view of various embodiments of cuts through the top layer 64 a being cross cut, 64 b being diagonal, 64 c being left flap and 64 c be right flap.

FIG. 65 is top view of the pin guide pin array.

FIG. 66 is a side plan view, with portions broken away, showing a leadbacker, alignment plate, a probe guide and a retainer with alignment pins.

FIG. 67 is an exploded view like FIG. 46 of a pin array according to a further embodiment.

FIG. 68 is a view like FIG. 45 of a probe card/retainer, guide plate/retainer and pin arrays.

FIG. 69 is a side plan view of FIG. 68.

FIG. 70 is a perspective view with portions broken away of a pin array within housing.

FIG. 71 is a close up plan view of the pin array of FIG. 70.

FIGS. 72a-d are views of a pin pair according to another embodiment. FIG. 72a is a side view, 72 b is an end view, 72 c is a perspective view and 72 d is a top view.

FIGS. 73a-d are view like FIG. 72 except the pin pairs are rotated to be side by side, as can be seen when comparing FIGS. 72d and 73d . FIG. 73a is a side view, 73 b is an end view, 73 c is a perspective view and 73 d is a top view.

FIG. 74 is a side view like FIG. 57 with portions broken away of a pin pair according to another embodiment, but showing a tapered top or ceramic later with straight probes.

FIG. 75 is a top view of a Kapton® keying/anti-rotation layer used to prevent pin rotation and having slightly undersided oval or oblong holes.

FIG. 76 is a view like FIG. 74 except the top layers have a funnel structure for easier pin insertion.

FIG. 76a is a view like FIG. 76 except with straight probes.

FIG. 77 is a perspective view of the subject matter of FIG. 76.

FIG. 78 is a layer like FIG. 75 except the holes are rectangular keyed to the shape of the pins to prevent rotation.

FIG. 79 is a perspective view showing two guide plates of FIG. 78 with pins.

FIG. 80 is close up view of the shaded area in FIG. 78 showing pin guide flaps (see FIG. 81 for detail).

FIG. 81 is a close up view of an alternative embodiment where the guide plate holes have flaps similar to those shown in FIG. 64.

FIG. 82 is a top view of pins and a guide plate showing relief slots.

FIG. 82a is a view like FIG. 82 but with contact points/nubs.

FIG. 83 is a side perspective view of FIG. 82.

FIG. 83a is view like FIG. 83 but with contact points.

FIG. 84 is a close up top view of the relief slots.

FIG. 84a is a view like FIG. 84 but with contact points.

FIG. 85 is a perspective view of FIG. 84.

FIG. 85a is a view like FIG. 85 but with contact points.

FIG. 86 is a top view like FIG. 82 showing an alternate flap structure.

FIG. 87 is a side view of FIG. 86.

FIG. 88 is a side view of FIG. 86 rotated 90 degrees.

FIG. 89 is a perspective view of FIG. 87.

FIG. 90 is a housing with guide plate.

FIG. 91 is a side plan view of a pin array, die under test (DUT) and a ball guide plate used to align the ball contacts on a DUT with pins.

FIG. 92 is a perspective view of a pin array with a ground plane on the upper surface.

FIG. 93 is a plan view of FIG. 92.

FIG. 94 is a perspective view of a housing with portion broken away showing a press fit pin into the load board and a slip fit pin to maintain the two piece housing together.

FIG. 95 is a side view of FIG. 94.

FIG. 96 is a side view of FIG. 95 rotated 90 degrees.

FIG. 97 is a top view of a pin orientation according to a DUT with non-aligned contacts.

FIG. 98 is a perspective view of FIG. 97.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

A typical IC wafer contains between 1 k-22 k dies typically organized in a regular matrix separated by horizontal and vertical scribe lines, for later cutting into individual dies or chips to be mounted in an IC enclosure with leads or contacts. This disclosure is primarily directed to testing of an individual dies or groups of dies in an array such as a pattern of generally geographically adjacent dies, or multiple arrays simultaneously, before they are cut along the scribe lines, whereafter, each die is inserted into an IC package with leads or contacts.

In the preferred embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a probe array of contacts 10 is held, preferably close press fit registration to prevent movement, into a pin guide plate/pin guide 12 which itself is affixed onto probe retainer 14 by means of a retainer. Said retainer may include a picture frame opening which has a stepped ledge to accommodate a like ledge on the pin guide plate 12. It is preferable to restrict freedom of lateral movement by means of alignment pins press fit into retainer to secure registration relative to the probe card or PCB. This retainer may be fastened to the probe card via screw fasteners or the like.

The pin guide plate 12 abuts the PCB probe card 11 when assembled. The preferred material for the plate is a machineable ceramic such as Macor® or Photoveel® but Torlon® or other composite may be used alternatively. The PCB includes a plurality of traces which connect signal lines from the probe array to connectors for the Test systems. Probe card plate/retainer 14 comprised of PCB, retainer and probe array is mounted in a “wafer prober” (not shown) which is a robotic machine which holds the probe cards and the wafer 8, atop a chuck 6 and preferably moves the wafer into position and then in contact with the plate guide 12. Alternatively, the plate could be moved and the wafer immobilized, but this is uncommon with current wafer prober systems. The wafer prober robot is well known in the art and sold by companies such as TEL (Tokio Electron) TSK Solutions/Accretech, and Electroglass (EG). Prior art probe arrays were constructed using micro spring pins, buckling beams and cantilevered structures, all of which suffered from poor performance particularly at higher frequencies, where their capacitance and inductance were limiters.

The prober robot locates the position of the array by a known camera system which locates fiducial markings on the pins or other fiducial markings on the array and brings the wafer into contact with selected pins for testing, as will be explained herein. The camera system typically includes an upwardly and downwardly pointing camera, one for calibrating location on the wafer and the other to calibrate on the pin array. Once calibrated, the movement of both/either is tracked and the prober should know the exact number of steps to each die on the wafer.

An array 10 is a package of contact pins 22/62 which form apart of a multi-layer package. This package 10 has a pin guide plate 20 with a plurality of apertures 22 through which the upper portion of probe pins 42 protruding, as shown in FIGS. 3-4. In FIGS. 11-14, it can be seen that the preferred construction of the apertures 32 is circular with a central portion having a being a plurality of rectangular slots or channel 96 with parallel side walls sized to receive the cross bar flange portion 44 a-44 b of pin 422 which have a like cross section. The resultant channel structure maintains alignment of the pins and prevents rotation thereof consequently controlling the orientation of the entire pin. Rotation is a twisting or torqueing action which would make the planar contact surfaces 52/53 (FIG. 6) no longer be coplanar and hence have less electrical contact surface in common.

Upper probe portion of pins 42 can be seen more clearly in FIGS. 5-7, wherein each has a crown 40 which makes contact with the die, an elongated body 42 which preferably has, as mentioned, a squarish or rectangular cross section. Other cross sections are possible, such as circular, oval, triangular, keyed (with a keyway), etc., if the cross sections are used to mate with a like shape in aperture 32, or a portion thereof, to maintain rotational alignment of the upper pin instead of or in addition to channels 96. Alternatively a separate element may be provided with the channel elements to receive probe cross-bar elements.

The preferred method of preventing rotation and maintaining alignment of pin 42 is accomplished by creating channels 96 in the pin guide plate 20, as can be seen most clearly in FIGS. 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20 and 21. These channels are preferably formed or cut in the material in parallel spaced apart sidewalls 97 (FIG. 12) creating recesses or depressions 96 with an aperture 32 in the channel upper interior wall to allow the passage of the upper pin portion 42. The aperture 32 may be circular or be likewise shaped with parallel spaced apart sidewalls sufficient to allow passage of portion 42, but also prevent its rotation. Since these parallel walls spaced apart sidewalls 97 already accomplish this function, one or the other may be dispensed with unless both are desired walls 97 are preferably sized to provide low resistance (and may be coated with low resistance materials such as Teflon®) by being spaced apart sufficiently to not make contact with the pin when properly oriented, but close enough that if the pin rotates, it will immediately engage the walls and be reoriented. The channels receive cross bar flanges 44 a-44 b and prevent their rotation or change in alignment, so that they provide good alignment with the greatest amount of contact area for the lower pin at their contact surfaces 52/64 (FIG. 6). FIGS. 21-22 show the top pins 22 in place from their bottom view in different perspectives. Also shown in FIGS. 21-22 are alignment posts 55 around the periphery of pin guide plate 20. Alignment posts 55 maintain alignment of various layers such as the bottom Kapton® layer.

At the bottom of body 42 are left and right cross bar flange sections 44 a-44 b one of which includes an optional recess 48 is used as a fiducial mark to help the assembler or machine which is the right or left hand side of the pin as seen from above. It may also be used for alignment purposes. These flanges also operate as a key for a keyway slot in the Kapton® layer 92 (see below) and in the bottom surface of the pin guide plate 20.

The cross bar flange section 44 a-b provide an upper limiter for upper portion 42. In the preferred embodiment is critical that all of the crowns —40 be maintained in a very coplanar or multi-planar relationship to each other, preferably within 30 microns of each other. In alternative embodiments, it may be desirable to have pin heights in multiple planes according to the arrangement of the DUT. For conventional semiconductor wafer processes, the wafer test pads, bumps or balls are assumed to be likewise very planar so contact of each crown onto the wafer must be at a relatively equal pressure to prevent damage to the wafer. This is achieved by having the crowns coplanar the pin deflection pressure likewise relatively equal. For novel 3D wafer processes, there may be requirements for multiple planes at differing heights for wafer test pads, bumps or balls, but the presumption is that the planarity requirement for each plane would be likewise required to be coplanar within 30 microns.

The bottom portion 50 of the upper pin 22 is characterized by having a generally planar portion 52 which is wedge shaped to slideably engage/mate with a like planar surface 64 of lower pin 62. Surfaces 52 and 64 slide by each other during compression. Both pins are conductive and thus carry signals to the load board 70 at the rocker foot 66 of lower pin 62. The arcuate shaped based of foot 66 is preferred, though other forms such as flat or having a semi-circular or partial cylindrical protuberance 67 in the center of the foot, are possible. Foot 66 may be arcuate, either across its entire base or just a portion as shown at the hemispherical or half or partial cylindrical protrusion 67. This creates a “rocker” base which allows the foot to adapt to variations in the load/contact board. This protrusion is preferably equidistant from the ends of the base/foot or that it is central to an axis running through the midpoint or center of gravity of the pin. The semicircular shape may also be substituted with other shapes that permit a rocking action. This rocking action provides helps remove any oxide on the protrusion or the contact load board. The further advantage of having a protrusion of any shape, though preferably a partial cylinder as shown is that the force per unit area on the load board is increased thereby increasing the quality of the electrical contact with the board. The protrusion is arcuate similar to a truncated cylinder but having walls that slope generally smoothly into the remaining portion of the foot. Pin guide 20 is preferably made of a ceramic material or Macor® such as SiC Technide® C18, SiN Technide® 310Shapal M Soft®, Photoveel L (Ferrotec), Photoveel®, MM500 Mccalex®, or other materials with low expansion coefficients. Alternatively, composite materials such as Torlon 5030® may satisfy some applications with more constrained thermal or humidity exposure.

The preferred material can be predictably formed or milled to great tolerance of known thickness, very flat, and have a low coefficient of thermal expansion and be non-hydroscopic to avoid expansion due to variable weather conditions. Chip test houses where this device will be used are not always well temperature and humidity controlled, so the pin guide plate material must be sufficiently stable to deliver the pin crowns 40 in a coplanar state. Top plate 20 must also be millable or formable to have the rectangular channels 96 mentioned above.

Pins 22 and 62 are upwardly biased relative to each other by, for example, an elastomer 80 which surrounds, at least in part, the pins. This provides an upward bias against cross bar flanges 44 a-44 b. The lower pin is in fact driven downwardly against the load board by the same elastomer, which thereby creates a solid electrical contact therewith. Elastomer 80 may include a top and bottom layer of Kapton® or other somewhat elastic material 122 as a further means to hold the pins within the elastomer at the narrowed neck regions in the pins 54. In the preferred embodiment Kapton® layers 122 have apertures larger than the narrowed neck regions 54 of the pins but smaller than the wider portions 50, 68 so that the pins will be resiliently confined between Kapton® layers.

The upper limit of travel of the upper pin 22 in the Z-axial direction for the Z-height is defined by engagement of the up-stop surface 90 and some portion of pin 22 which engages the up-stop. In the preferred embodiment, it is cross bar flanges 44 a-44 b, but it could be any protrusion on the pin for this purpose. It is possible that other surfaces of probe guide 20 and other portions of pin 22 form the combination of an up-stop 90, 190, 390 for the upper pin. It is the top travel point for that pin. The lower surface up-stop of plate 20 is located such that the protrusion of crowns 40 will all be located in the same plane. The preferred protrusion of the crown may be for example 75 microns.

Is it also desirable to have the upward force of pin 22 to be relatively uniform through its travel. This is achieved by pre-compression/pre-loading of the elastomer 80. In FIG. 6, pin 22 is precompressed downwardly by up-stop surface 90 of probe guide 20 so that when pin 22 engages the wafer and is compressed, the force response to compression is relatively uniform. If the pin was not compressed, the elastomer would exhibit a much less uniform response, with less force at the beginning of the downward pin deflection that later. The elastomer exhibits better uniformity when it is already compressed state. The preferred pre-compression may be for example 80 microns.

The crown or tip 40 performs several functions. First, of course, it makes electrical contact with the wafer test pad or electrode. Wafer test pad may be include the forms of metallic film, electroplated bump or solder ball. In alternate embodiments, the crown may each have Kelvin style contact (force and sense) in order to confirm a reliable test, as known in the art.

The crown also has the need to shed any debris which may accumulate between contact tests.

Finally, the crowns also need to provide fiducial recognition for the camera system in the prober which will align the array with the wafer at precise points. The camera system must be able to recognize the crown and the center of the crown by recognizable artifacts on the crown, whether they are there for other reasons, or solely for the purpose of enhancing the reliability of recognition. For example a cross hair, such as “xx” could be placed in the base of the crown as a point of recognition. If each crown included such a marking, or if the corners of the array were so marked, or other known combination, the computer could calculate the position of the entire array. It may also be desirable to provide side illumination (i.e. orthogonal to the travel of the pin) to provide greater contrast to the position calibration camera of the probe, since the crown has facets which will reflect side illumination upwardly and provide a very bright spot in an otherwise dark field.

Various crown shapes are possible. FIGS. 24a-f, 25a-f, 26a-f, 27a-f, 28a-f and 29a -f illustrate several embodiments. Each embodiment is the same except for the crown 40 which varies by figure. In FIG. 24 the crown is has two parallel spaced apart ridges 240 a-b formed in a chisel shape with an arcuate hemispherical valley 240 c therebetween. In FIG. 25 crown 40 further includes a cross hemispherical valley 240 d orthogonal to valley 240 c, which is shown alternatively as a v-shaped valley, though it could also be hemispherical. This creates 4 points on the crown. FIG. 26 is similar to FIG. 25 except that all valleys 250 e-f are v-shaped created sharp flat walled facets from the crown points. In FIG. 27 the crown is a chisel shape with a single flat sloped wall 240 g creating a wedged crown. In FIG. 28 the crown is a double chisel with converging flat sidewalls 240 h-i. In FIG. 29, the crown is inverted from FIG. 28 where the sidewalls 240 j-k slope inwardly toward a bottom valley line.

Interposed between the pin guide top plate 20 and the elastomer 80 is a retaining layer 122 preferably of Kapton® polyamide film from Dupont or equivalent. This layer maintains the pins in place before the top surface is applied.

FIG. 11 illustrates the upper portion of the array 10 with cross bar flanges 44 a-44 b sitting in the channels 96. The lower pins 62 could also be sitting a like plate with channels, but this is typically not necessary.

Both upper and lower pings 22 and 62 are at least in part potted into elastomer 80 which is shown in further detail in FIG. 15. The pins are placed in the space voids 81 while the octagonal voids 83 provide take up space to be used during compression and precompression. Without space, the elastomer would have a less uniform resistance/response to compression because the compressed elastomer would have no place to go. Voids 81 are typically square or rectangular, and of smaller than the cross section of that portion of the pin 50, 68 which is captured therein. This provides a bias force which maintains contact surfaces 52, 64 in planar registration for maximum electrical surface contact.

FIGS. 8 and 9 are similar to FIGS. 6 and 7 except that they include ball/pad 120 in contact with crown 40. In addition they also show a Kapton® layer 122 on both the upper and lower surfaces of the elastomeric layer 80. This layer 122 includes apertures (not shown) large enough to permit insertion of the portion of the pin shown.

FIGS. 30, 31 and 32 are views of the array in FIG. 4 but also including circuitry for Kelvin contacts. Kelvin sensing circuits are known in the art and provide a way to minimize test errors. They require additional contacts to make several points of contact on each pad, isolated, mechanically independent probes which are very small and closely spaced.

In FIG. 31, crown 40 is a wedge structure with two longitudinal ridges separated by a recess or valley. Placed within the valley is a polyamide or other insulator 124 which sits in and straddles the recess between peak pin contacts 150 a-b which in this case are inverse wedge shaped per FIGS. 29a-f . The sidewalls of the peaks 150 a-b cradle the Kelvin insulator 124 and provide sufficient to support for the insulator to keep relatively coplanar with peaks 150 a-b. It is also possible that only the distal end 126 of the insulator is supported by a portion of the crown. Applied atop of the insulator is a conductive trace 130 which supplies the other conductor in the Kelvin circuit (typically the sense lead, with the force conductor being the crown ridges). This conductive trace run back from each of the crowns along leads 132 to the Kelvin circuitry. Because the Kelvin trace occludes the recess in the crown, any fiducial marking in the crown is unavailable to the camera system. Thus the fiducial mark may be placed on the trace or insulator as identified with “xx” at 134.

An alternative embodiment is shown is FIGS. 35-36.

In the previous embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 33-34, pins 42 and 66 as previously described (see FIGS. 6-9). Contact balls/pads 120 are shown in cross section. At the point where the top of pin 42 first engages ball 120 (FIG. 34a ), there is a large gap 43 between an adjacent ball 120 a and the surface of plate 20. If however ball 120 a is misshapened, or is a “double ball” (defect) there is a chance that the gap 45 will be nonexistent and ball 120 a will physically strike the surface of plate 20 potentially causing damage. Note that “ball” need not be round, but means any protruding contact surface on a DUT. To avoid these consequences if defective ball shapes or heights, the embodiment in FIGS. 35-36 account for this.

To the extent the elements from one embodiment to the other are similar, the numerical designation has been designated with 300 series numbers, i.e. 42 is similar to 342. A solution to the problem set forth above, is to increase the length of that portion 410 of pin 342 which extends above plate 20 when the DUT is in test position (i.e. pin 342 is maximally displaced as show). The pin travel distance (stroke) is defined as the distance the upper pin travels between in-test and out of test positions. The pin travel is preferably limited so that the flanges never leave the channel in the prior embodiment, it was desirable, for many reasons, to have the portion of pine 42 which extended beyond surface 20 as small as possible. As can be seen in FIG. 7, the exposed portion of the pin in test mode, is virtually flat with surface 20 whereas in FIGS. 35-36 the pin height in test position 410 is substantially greater, at least sufficient to prevent ball 320 a from contacting the surface of 20 even if it is a double height ball, a 1.5 height ball or other misshapened form. In non-test mode the pin height above plate 20 is indicated as 412. Thus in this embodiment, the pin height in test position is sufficient that another ball, typically an adjacent ball will not touch the surface of plate 20. One such limit would be that the pin apex is never lower than 50% or 10-50%, of the height of a contact ball, or just sufficient that any ball contact will not contact the surface regardless of its height.

In the preferred embodiment, the travel of pin 342 is greater than pin 42. When FIGS. 7 and 36 a are compared the distal tail 412 may be allowed to travel up to but preferably not touching the foot of pin 366. The actual downward pin travel is preferably controlled by the prober that puts the wafer into the test socket. As the pins are driven toward each other, if the proper fails, there are several possible hard stops in the system where are preferably not needed. For example contact between the lower portion of cross bar flanges 344 b with the proximal end of pin 366 but also the distal end of pin 342 against the foot of pin 366 as shown in FIG. 36b . The elastomer in this configuration is shown in the preferred embodiment which has two thinner layers of less resilient elastomer 414, 418 surrounding a more elastic layer 416 which provides most of the bias force against the pins. Thus if the upper pin were to bottom out, at 412, the lower layer 418 would separate the pins from contact because the distal end of pin 342 will remain as an interposer.

The consequence of allowing this additional travel is that the elongated lateral portion 342 of the pin are taller than in the previous embodiment and alignment channels 396 are deeper. Specifically the depth of channel groves 396 must be equal to or greater than the differential between the exposed height of the pin when the pin is in test and non-test positions (i.e. 412 less 410). In the preferred embodiment the height of cross bar flange 344 a be must be likewise equal to or greater than that differential to maintain the keying effect of channels 396. Whether by the above formula or otherwise, it is preferable that the lateral alignment portion 342 must stay at least partially engaged with the channels 396 during the entire pin travel to keep the pin grooved against rotation.

Further details of the structure for insertion of the guide plate 12 into the probe card plate or retainer 14 follows and is shown in FIGS. 37-43.

Registration of the retain 14 with guide plate 12 is important for the prober to know where exactly the pin arrange is located relative to the IC. Since the dimensions are very small, a solution in this disclosure is to insure that the guide plate, which has many probe arrays is reliably aligned with the probe card plate.

Instead of trying to align the guide plate with every corner of the probe card plate, which is extremely difficult, it is possible to align along two (or three) edges thereof and bias the guide plate into reliable position with respect to those two (or three) edges. This is much more predictable than trying to align against 4 edges.

In FIG. 37, retainer 14 has 4 corners 502 a-d, each having intersection edges 504 a-h, in pairs as shown. In FIG. 39, these edges can be seen with the guide plate removed. In one embodiment, corner 502 c is designated the “registration or reference corner”, though any corner is acceptable. Therefore at least edges 504 e-f will be used for registration of the guide plate by means of biasing of the plate into that corner. In the preferred embodiment, edges 504 g and 504 d will also provide registration as they are in line with corner 504 c edges. The driving corner which is diagonally opposite the registration corner is the primary location for bias elastomers. It is also possible that the remaining two corners can have elastomer bias. It is also possible that there are more or less than 4 corners such as in the case of a triangle or polygon but the same principles for precision alignment apply, namely that there is a registration corner (or more precisely, sidewalls adjacent that corner) which are precisely milled/formed for alignment and the remaining edges/corners of the shape can be used to drive the pin guide into that registration corner.

FIG. 43 provides a close up view of corner 502 a illustrates the biasing mechanism, which is preferably provided by recesses 506 a and 506 b being provided in the sidewall. These recesses/notches are longitudinal along a portion of the sidewall and have a depth sufficient to receive and elastomeric cylindrical member 510. This member is also shown in FIG. 42 which shows a corner of the guide plate/pin guide 12, but it is the same member just shown in both locations. In the preferred embodiment, the corners of the pin guide 12 do not actually engage the corners of the retainer 14 because either the pin guide corners are cut away/reduced in radius or the retainer corners are cut deeper/increased radius. This insures that the sidewalls adjacent the corners are used for registration. If this was not done, a slight mismatch in the fit of the corners would prevent the sidewalls of the two parts from mating and providing precision registration.

At a minimum, one or two elastomers 510 are used to drive the pin guide 12 into the registration corner, but the preferred structure would provide elastomers in notches in all walls adjacent corners except that registration corner which must have material to material direct contact with no gaps.

To permit the insert of elastomers 510, the upper edges of the sidewalls adjacent corners are cut away/beveled slightly and clearance is provide in along the corners of the retainer for the same reason. Even the registration corner can have this cut away even if it is not used in order to allow any corner to be the registration corner. The elastomers may be rubber cylinder or other biasing elements. They are preferably fitted after the pin guide 12 is inserted into the retainer 14 and then glued in place, though they may be glued first and then the pin guide inserted. Arrows 530 (FIG. 39) illustrate the bias forces resultant from the elastomers, driving the pin guide into its registration corner.

FIG. 44 illustrates a cross sectional view of the intersection between the retainer 14 and pin guide 12 at a corner with the elastomer in place. In this embodiment the pin guide is inserted from the bottom so that ledge 520 engages a ledge 522 on the retainer to prevent push-though. Note that the pin guide could be inserted from the top also with appropriate changes in the ledge and stop. Cut away recesses 526 (FIG. 38) may also be used to provide an insertion gap for removal of the guide.

The bias elastomer 512 resides in part in recess 506 b, but in the preference embodiments, it also has a like recess 511 in the pin guide 12 so that the elastomer is fully captured from escape.

Alternate Embodiments

Further embodiments are disclosed below. To the extent that elements are not specifically referred to, in general, they are the same or similar to like parts in the previous embodiments. Where possible the same or similar parts are referred to by a like reference number increased by 1000 or other leading digit. So for example, retainer 14 in FIG. 2 may be similar to retainer 1014 in FIG. 45. This is done to avoid unnecessary repetition in this specification.

In the previous embodiments the pin guide 20 was preferably made of a ceramic material which included a plurality of channel features in up-stop surface to receive the flanges of wafer side pins. The use of slots 96, however, may limit the arrangements of pins/probes to a regular (i.e. uniform) array. Alternative embodiments may separate the functionality of the pin guiding channels from that of the precision up-stop surface for purposes of improved flexibility for placement of test site locations or manufacturing options. For example, there may be circumstances where a unique arrangement of pins/probes that is not a rectilinear array is desirable. Further there are materials which are easier to laser cut but retain many of the necessary properties such as electrical insulation and durability but would make fabrication and customization easier.

Furthermore, to improve alignment of probes/pins on the DUT pads/balls, it is advantageous to high the tightest possible tolerance between probe size and aperture size. Rectangular probes in rectangular apertures are particularly advantageous, but casting of ceramic material with rectangular apertures is difficult and ceramic is not particularly amenable to laser cutting.

By replacing the channel elements portion of pin/probe guide 12 into two parts, an upper part 1012 and a lower part/up-stop 1020 which functions as an up-stop, it is possible to eliminate the channels 96 and thereby allow for smaller separation between pins (because there are no sidewall channels) and allow for non-uniform pin locations (again because there are no channels). So, in one embodiment a ceramic separate element, herein referred to as a probe guide plate 1012 is in abutment with a precision up-stop 1020. The material selection for the up-stop plate 1020 may be broadened to include other materials which can be laser cut, such as Cerlex®, the aperture spacing and location can be easily altered for custom DUT pad layouts.

As will be explained elsewhere, there is an additional benefit to this combination layer approach, namely that rotation of probes can be inhibited by special modification of the up-stop plate 1020.

FIG. 45 is an exploded view of an assembly with a top shipping plate 1102 a retainer plate 1014, a pin guide 1012, a pin array 1010 (according to this embodiment) and a load board 1070. FIG. 46 shows the pin array 1010 in greater detail.

In FIG. 46 the preferred assembly includes lower pins/probes 1062, which pass through a plate 1081 preferably of Kapton®, an elastomeric element 1080 and upper Kapton® plate 1092, upper (wafer side) pins/probes 1042 and a up-stop 1020, preferably made of a rigid dielectric material which can be laser cut. Cirlex® from Fralock Corp Valencia Calif., is the preferred material. Guide plate 1012 is preferably made of ceramic or other rigid dielectric material.

FIG. 47 shows a bottom (or PCB side) view of an assembled array 1010. FIGS. 48 and 49 provide top and cross-section views additional configurations of a probe guide element.

FIG. 50 is a top perspective view of the assembly 110.

The probe guide 1012 and adjacent up top plate 1020, in this embodiment, cooperate to provide the function of guide plate 20 but with significant enhancements, as explained below. In other words, the probe guide 1012 no longer performs all of the same functions of guide 20 which included an up-stop. Now the functions of guide 20 are split between 1012 and 1020 with resultant advantages.

In one aspect, the up-stop 1020 is preferably laser cut from a dielectric material to allow for easier customization of holes positions for guiding slot 1032. Hole or slot patterns are shown in detail in FIGS. 51, 54 a-d, 55-56. In these figures slots/apertures 1032 are shown as preferred rectangular apertures though round or other shaped apertures are also possible. It is noteworthy that FIGS. 55-56 illustrate that the hole pattern may be irregular/non-rectilinear/arbitrary in order to customize the apertures to the requirements of the device under test (DUT) which may have pins/pads in various locations. Because the material can be laser cut, even with sharp corners such as rectangles shown, the pin array can be quickly customized.

FIGS. 52-53 show the various layers with the elastomer 1080 cut away to show a single probe pin cell. Kapton® layers may be affixed to the elastomer by adhesive 1091.

FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional view of a 4 pin array with portions: probe tip 1040, probe stem 1042 flanges 1044 a, 1044 b, surfaces 1052/1064 generally corresponding to like parts in previous embodiments. It is possible that different tip configurations may be provided on different probes to accommodate different DUT configurations such a 3 dimensional contact planes. For example some contacts on the DUT may be pads, others, balls, microball, posts, etc. The tips and probe height can be selected to be appropriate for each contact on the DUT in the same array. Note however that in the preferred embodiment pin guide 1012 does not require slots 96 as in the previous embodiment. Slots 96 provided a means for preventing rotation of the pins, but cannot be used easily in the case of irregular pin layout (FIG. 55). The preferred internal structure of guide 1012 is planar on opposed (top/bottom) surfaces with orthogonal apertures or pockets. The up-stop plate 1020 abuts the pin guide 1012. The desired probe tip radium of less than 7-8 micrometers have been demonstrated for dual knife probe tips such as examples shown herein and this has been shown to be suitable with controlled die forces of 2-35 grams per site to provide good contact resistance to wafer dies with test pads, bumps and balls. Sharper structures have been demonstrated, but seem to be unnecessary for typical wafer test applications. Probe tip 1040 knife edge separation in the ranges of 50-150 microns have demonstrated usefulness for ball sizes 150 to 300 microns in diameter for marking off ball apex with large number of insertions between required cleaning stops. The knife edge separation distances preferably match the target die pad, bump or ball geometries.

In order to provide resistance to pin rotation or to improve the centering of the probe within the guiding bore, other structures are illustrated, though they are not exhaustive.

In FIG. 60 illustrates one such pin centering structure. In this embodiment probe guide 1012, at its aperture includes a counter bore/concave trough surrounding the aperture. Likewise, pin/probe 1042 also includes a protrusion 1042 a which mates with the counter bore to center pin within the bore.

In FIG. 61 an alternate keying system is illustrated. In this case a key 1042 b protrudes into the keyway 1020 b cut into up-stop 1020. The key and keyway can also be a tapered fit for that misalignment is corrected on entry of the key into the keyway.

In FIG. 62 the keying function above can also be practiced in the Kapton® layer 1092 with a key 1042 c added to probe designed to extending into a receiving keyway 1062 c. These can be tapered as well. A counter bore arrangement in the lower layer 1092 can also be used.

FIGS. 63 and 63 a illustrate the use of filling casting material into the round apertures 1032 a to fill the gaps between them and the squarish pins/probes 1042. A gap 2050 will necessarily exist between square pins and round bores and this casting method in precisely centered position is one way to improve centering.

FIG. 64 illustrates further probe/bore centering and keying structures wherein layer 1092 preferably Kapton® is cut in various forms to provide a guideway for the pin/probe 1042. In FIGS. 64 and 64 a, a cross cut in the Kapton® layer provides 4 flaps 2052 which provide a bias force to align the pin within the aperture and inhibit rotation. The cuts release flaps which are driven upwardly and away from the layer when the pin is inserted therethrough. The 4 flaps which are freed by the cross cut provide a bias force against the pin because of their natural resilience. In FIG. 64b a diagonal cut 2054 is used and in FIGS. 64c and 64d right and left hand flaps are cut in the layer to apply a bias force on the pin. The cross cut through the Kapton® layer frees a plurality of flaps which extend upwardly along the pin sidewalls. This provides a bias force against the pin in both x and y axes, thereby tending to prevent rotation of the pin. With the bias force from 4 sides, it also tends to center the pin within the aperture. The diagonal and flap cut have the same effect. Other cuts in the Kapton® layer can provide similar benefits.

FIG. 65 illustrates how aperture 1032 a are populated by pins 1042 of varying cross sectional shape. The gap 2056 as measured between the inner periphery of the aperture and the corner/edge of the pin with the pin fully displaced against an opposite peripheral wall. In preferred embodiments the clearance gaps are minimized to constrain the array of probe tips to precisely space locations coincident with precise spacings of test pads or balls on wafer die. Preferred gap between pin corner and bore is less than 20 microns and further preferred gap is less than 10 microns.

FIGS. 67-98 illustrate alternate embodiments, but to the extent they portions are similar, they should be assumed to have the same function as previously described.

FIG. 67 show as system with a two part probe guide housing/probe card having an upper housing 2020 preferably of a thermally stable material like ceramic with a plurality of apertures 2022 through which upper pins/probes 2042 protrude to engage the die under test (DUT). The upper pins are arranged in an array whose orientation is maintained by an upper pin guide 2021. A lower set up pins/probes 2062 sideably engaged the upper set and is maintained in an array by a lower pin guide 2023. The arrays sit within a lower half of the housing 2020 a. The lower half may be Torlon® or ceramic or other material. Torlon® or other compliant/slightly elastic material is preferred for anchoring to the load board (see FIG. 94).

FIG. 68 illustrates an alternate shaped two part housings which is mounted in a retainer plate 3010 which as an aperture 3012 sized to receive a portion of the probe guide housing 2020. The retainer and the housing each have a plurality of aligned and preferably slotted apertures 3014 which receive a rod elastomer 3016. The apertures are preferably slotted so that they elastomers can be inserted laterally, though that is not required. The elastomer are an elastic material which allows for the probe guide housing and retainer to respond to lateral shock of the DUT handler driving the guide sideways or downward without damage. If no elastomer or other elastic connection was provided, when a DUT impacted the probe guide, it might crack the ceramic material if it did not give way.

FIG. 69 shows this in side view.

FIG. 70 is a view of part of FIG. 67 with portions cut away and in greater detail in FIGS. 71-73.

As a general matter upper and lower pins 2042/2062 are similar though their lengths can vary according to test requirements. The pins preferably have upper and lower longitudinal portions which meet at a cross bar portion. The longitudinal portions have at least one planar surface which mates with a like planar surface to provide an electrical contact path. The pins are electrically conductive, either by use of a metal or metallic coating. The cross bar is has a transverse section generally orthogonal to the longitudinal portions, and has a contact planar contact surfaces adjacent the upper and lower pin portions. These contact surfaces form part up an up and down stop surface to engage with like surfaces on the housing to limit the travel of the pins. Each pin has an upper probe section 2042 a/2062 a and a lower probe section 2042 b/2062 b and a cross member/crossbar 2044 therebetween. The longitudinal surfaces of the probe section is planer so that they can mate where they overlap at 3040 conduct electricity and yet be in slideable engagement with a minimum of electrical and mechanical resistance.

The upper pin 2042 is biased upwardly so that it is “spring loaded” against engagement with the DUT. This is accomplished with an elastomer 2080 a/2080 b which may be split into upper and lower portions for ease of assembly,

To prevent the elastomer from intrusion into the cross bars, a flat more rigid material 3041 in interposed therebetween. In this case a Kapton® layer of rigid and preferable deflectable material is used.

The tips of the pins/probes may be identical, top and bottom for interchangeability or different. The upper tip may be shaped according to tip disclosures herein or known in the art. The lower tip engages the load board and may be optimized for that engagement.

Note that elastomers 3040 are provided on both sides of the pins/probes so that they have lateral pressure from both sides for maximum electrical contact. This can be achieved with separate elastomer sections or a matrix elastomer with apertures for the pins/probes.

FIG. 74 illustrates tapering of the apertures 2022 of the upper pin guide. The preferred material for the tapered portion is Cirlex®. The tapering is narrow to wider from top to bottom. This is shown as a widening gap 2022 a between the pin/probe 2042 and the inner wall of the aperture 2022. The taper reduces friction and also makes insertion of the pins/probes easier during assembly. The preferred construction is in two halves to the pins/probes are loaded from inside of the halves.

FIG. 76 illustrates an alternate way to achieve the benefits of tapering the pin guide. It is to taper a portion of the pin/probe instead (or in addition). Pins 2042 are preferably narrower from their tip to the portion which passes through the guide 2020 at 3050. The rest of pin need not be tapered since it will have no beneficial effect. Indeed, the tapering can also end at the top of the pin guide at 3052.

FIG. 76a illustrates a further embodiment of this tapering concept. Where the upper probe guide 2020 is made of two layers 2025 a/2025 b, it is possible to make the fit between 2025 b (lower layer) looser than 2025 a (upper layer) creating a “funnel” structure. This makes insertion of the pins from the underside easier because the pin can more easily enter the larger space in 2025 b. The gap at 3050 is greater than at 3052. See FIG. 77.

FIGS. 75, 78-89 are directed to various embodiments for limiting the rotation of the pins. It is important that the planar mating surfaces of the pins be maintained in parallel abutting planes to maximize electrical contact surface area. The pins are free to slide longitudinally with respect to each other within the bounds of their pin stops (i.e. engagement of the cross member with a rigid plate) but they are subject to undesirable twisting/torqueing forces which can reduce the mating area. These forces can arise from engagement with the balls of the DUT which may be off center, shock or elsewhere. An anti-rotation keying layer 3042 is desirable. This layer can be the same as the anti-intrusion layer or separate. It may be adjacent to the anti-intrusion layer or placed elsewhere orthogonal to the pin. It can be on the upper and lower pin path or just the upper where the twisting forces are greatest.

The embodiment in FIG. 75 shows a plate or mask 3042 plurality of apertures 2020 which are slightly undersized relatively to the cross section of the pins. In other words the area of the aperture is less than the cross sectional area of the pin. This engagement has a stabilizing effect. These apertures are shown as ovals or rectangles with rounded corners so that the corners of the pins engage with the rounded corners of the apertures. In such case the engagement is only at the corners for greater stability and less resistance. In the preferred embodiment the material used for this mask is capable of some deflection, and not entirely rigid.

FIGS. 78-81 illustrate an alternate solution for mask 3042. In this case the apertures have inner perimeter space larger than the pin, so there would be no engagement, but extending from the inner peripheral edge of the aperture are protrusions or tabs 3060 which extend inwardly into the space defined by the aperture. These tabs are preferably in pairs extending from opposing sidewalls. There may be tabs from all sidewalls or only two. The tab is deflectable and flexible and when the pin inserted they deflect upwardly and away but maintain a balanced force on the pin to keep it centered and resist twisting. FIG. 79 shows a mast on both upper and lower pins. The tabs can be fill just a portion of the sidewall from which them emanate, or fill the entire sidewall as shown in FIG. 80.

FIGS. 82a-85a show a slightly different configuration wherein the tabs 3060 are formed as longitudinal bumpers or numbs which span the thickness of the mask later, rather than mere flaps in previous embodiment.

FIGS. 82-85 provide further solution to anti-twisting. In this case, the apertures are sized to be a close fit with the pin. In one embodiment, they also have tabs/projections 3062, but in this case they do not bend or deflect. That means the aperture is nearly equal to, equal to or less than the cross sectional area of the pin. Because there may be so much more contact surface between the pin and aperture inner walls, anti-twisting is enhanced, but so is friction. To reduce the force on the pin, relief slots 3062 are provided in the mask, such as by punching the mask with narrow slot adjacent to but separated from the apertures and generally parallel therewith. This weakens the aperture wall adjacent the slot and reduces pressure and resistance. The slots can also be a plurality of spaced apart holes or other void shapes.

FIGS. 87-89 illustrate flaps which extend from all sidewalls of the apertures and are deflected upwardly when the pin is inserted. The flaps may be precut or just score lines which are opened on insertion of the pin.

FIGS. 90-91 illustrate a construction primarily intended for manual testing, i.e. insertions which are not done by a robot. These insertions are necessarily sloppy because they lack robotic precision. Consequently there is a need to provide a guide which will urge the DUT balls into the right place on the holder. It is also helpful to provide a level of cushion because manual insertion pressure is variable. FIG. 90 show a housing 3010 and a ball guide plate 3070 with apertures 3072 located where the balls 3074 and pins are to be aligned. The ball guide provides pre-alignment of the balls and some degree of resilience when the ball guide is made of a compressible material.

FIGS. 92-93 illustrate the use of an RF shield/ground plane layer 3080. In some applications, the DUT generates RF radiation under test. RF can interfere with the high frequency test signals on the pins. To minimize this the array can include a further ground plane RF shield plate 3080 which is preferably located adjacent (above or below) the anti-rotation layer 3042 and/or the anti-intrusion layer 3041. This layer is preferably attached to ground.

FIGS. 94-96 illustrate the assembly of the housing upper and lower halves 2020 and 2020 a. In the preferred embodiment, the upper half 2020 is made of a thermally stable material, such a ceramic. The lower half is preferably made of a more compliant material such as Torlon®. To prevent movement between the halves, an aperture is made in both halves and a pin 3084 fills the space. The pin is a slip fit, i.e., it is under little or no compression when inserted, so it does not risk cracking the ceramic. Because the lower half 2020 a is a more flexible, compliant material, it can be connected to the load board (not shown below the housing) by a press fit pin 3086 which is slightly larger than the aperture so that it remains firmly in place.

FIGS. 97-98 illustrate, the arrangement flexibility of the low profile pins 2042 with respect to their placement on the guide plate housing 2020. Some DUTS have ball/contact placement which is not aligned in rows and in an irregular orientation. Because the pins have very low profile (i.e. lateral dimension), they can be oriented in any angular position without interfering with adjacent pins. To avoid shorting by adjacent cross bars 2044.

The description of the invention and its applications as set forth herein is illustrative and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein are possible and practical alternatives to and equivalents of the various elements of the embodiments would be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art upon study of this patent document. These and other variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A contact pin array assembly for making temporary contact of test pad integrated circuit device under test (DUT) comprising: a. an upper contact pin, configured to move downwardly along a Z-axis when in contact with said pads, the pin having; i. a tip; ii. longitudinal upper portion, having a tip and a bottom end; iii. a pair of laterally extending flanges, having a predetermined width and an upper edge, said flanges extending from said bottom end of said upper portion, and iv. a lower portion extending from said flanges; b. a lower pin in slideable contact with the upper pin at said lower portion; c. an guide plate wherein: i. said guide plate has apertures therethrough size to receive said upper contact pin in slideably therein ii. wherein said longitudinal upper portion is tapered as it approaches its tip so that insertion of the upper pin into the guide plate is eased by said taper.
 2. A method of testing integrated circuit chips with a tester having a top plate and providing a plurality of coplanar longitudinal contact pin body, each pin having a crown, the method including a method of preventing rotation of the crowns within the tester, comprising: a. forming a pin guide plate with apertures for said pins, so that said crowns protrude from said apertures; b. forming a stop flange element on each pin having at least one lateral extension extending from the pin body, said flange elements creating a keyed cross section; c. forming an up-stop wall on the underside of said pin guide plate; d. configuring said pins to engage between the stop element and up-stop to limit upward Z-axis travel of said pins; e. forming a recess channel in the underside of the top plate, said channel being sized to receive at least a portion of said keyed cross section of the flange so that rotation of the pin in the channel is restricted.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein longitudinal pin travel limited so that said flange never fully exits the channel.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of forming a keyed cross section includes forming a rectangular cross section.
 5. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of forming a keyed cross section includes forming an oval cross section.
 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of forming a keyed cross section includes forming a cross section with a keyway.
 7. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of forming a keyed cross section includes forming a triangular cross section.
 8. The method of claim 2 further including maintaining at least a portion of said pin crowns in a base, and wherein said base and said top plate are spaced apart a predetermined distance thereby allowing said crowns to travel longitudinally at least as far as said predetermined distance to adapt to variations in the integrated circuit.
 9. An alignment system for precision alignment of test pins in an integrated circuit tester comprising: a. a pin guide plate, having at least two corners, one of said corners being the registration corner and the other being the driven corner, said corners having sidewall extending therefrom; b. a retainer plate for receiving said guide plate, said retainer having a aperture generally sized to receive said guide plate and likewise having at least two corners; said retainer including sidewalls extending away from said corners, one of said corners being a registration corner and defining, together with the guide plate, the precision location for the test pins; the other of said corners being the driving corner; c. said sidewalls of said driving corner including recesses therein; d. said sidewalls of said driven corner of said guide plate including a recess; e. elastomeric material fitted in said driving and driven recesses for biasing the pin guide plate from the driven corner into the registration corner of said retainer plate, so that the guild plate is precision registered with the retainer by virtue of the mating of registration corners under bias force.
 10. The alignment system of claim 9 wherein said radius of said driven corner is enlarged so that when said pin guide corner is inserted therein, contact is substantially made between sidewalls.
 11. The alignment system of claim 9 wherein said radius of said driving corner is decreased so that when said pin guide corner is inserted therein, contact is substantially made between sidewalls.
 12. The alignment system of claim 9 wherein said elastomeric material is formed as cylindrical elements have a diameter to be received, at least in part, in said recesses. 